The bending moment, M, is positive when it causes tension to the lower fiber of the beam and compression to the top fiber.The shear force, V, is positive when it causes a clock-wise rotation of the part.The axial force, N, is considered positive when it causes tension to the part.Sign conventionĪ sign convention is necessary for the calculation of the internal forces and moments, N, V, M, and their physical interpretation, at any section cut throughout the beam. The last two assumptions satisfy the kinematic requirements for the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and are adopted here too. This is the case when the cross-section height is quite smaller than the beam length (10 times or more) and also the cross-section is not multi layered (not a sandwich type section). Every cross-section that initially is plane and also normal to the longitudinal axis, remains plane and and normal to the deflected axis too.The cross section is the same throughout the beam length.The loads are applied in a static manner (they do not change with time).The material is homogeneous and isotropic (in other words its characteristics are the same in ever point and towards any direction).The response resultants and deflections presented in this page are calculated taking into account the following assumptions: Therefore axial forces can be commonly neglected. ![]()
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